Diabetes

Diabetes DIABETES PAGE * MERGEFORMAT 1Running head: DIABETESDiabetesDiabetesDiabetes is a typical metabolic condition that outcomes from raised glucose levels. Diabetes is restoratively portrayed as diabetes mellitus. This condition is known to cause underlining issues in people who procure the malady. This condition is typically depicted as a blend of numerous ailments that inevitably makes people have high glucose (Parsaik et al., 2010).High glucose is inferable from insufficient creation of the insulin hormone, which is a hormone, glycogen, answerable for directing the glucose. Moreover, glucose irregular characteristics can result from disappointment of the body cells to react to insulin hormone. The insulin hormone is delivered in the pancreas consequently the condition is typically a deformity of the pancreatic cells (Cook et al., 2008).Diabetes exists in three principle types Diabetes type I, Diabetes type II, and Gestational Diabetes. The side effects of each are inferable from the im pacts and the method of event of the type.Ulcus bei Diabetes à ¼ber dem HalluxThis paper gives a detailed understanding on diabetes and how it influences the body frameworks and digestion. Additionally, it examines how the condition can be appropriately forestalled, oversaw and illuminated in basic cases (Glasgow et al., 2012).Type I Diabetes MellitusThis condition results from a metabolic disappointment. The condition is seen when the pancreas neglects to create hormone insulin. The human body is carefully subject to insulin so as to lessen the sugar levels. Disappointment of the body to deliver insulin will make the sugar levels in the blood uncontrolled creation the victims to begin building up the diabetes side effects. Type I diabetes must be dealt with when people infuse insulin into their body frameworks. It is otherwise called Juvenile or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). Type I diabetes isn't normal and is...

The Role of Zoos in Endangered Species Conservation

The Role of Zoos in Endangered Species Conservation The universes best zoos offer eye to eye experiences with probably the most intriguing and uncommon animals on the planet-an encounter that couple of individuals could ever have the option to seek after in nature. Not at all like the confined enclosures that housed wild creatures in sideshow displays of the past, the cutting edge zoo has raised living space imitating to a craftsmanship, cautiously reproducing common habitats and offering occupants provoking exercises to lessen fatigue and stress. The advancement of zoos has additionally included projects committed to ensuring imperiled species, both in imprisonment and in nature. Zoos licensed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) take an interest in Species Survival Plan Programs that include hostage reproducing, reintroduction programs, government funded instruction, and field preservation to guarantee endurance for a considerable lot of the planets compromised and imperiled species. Protection Breeding AZA protection rearing projects (otherwise called hostage reproducing programs) are intended to increase populaces of imperiled species and stay away from elimination by means of directed reproducing in zoos and other affirmed offices. One of the essential difficulties confronting hostage rearing projects is keeping up hereditary assorted variety. On the off chance that the number of inhabitants in a hostage reproducing program is excessively little, inbreeding may result, prompting medical issues that can negatively affect the species endurance. Therefore, reproducing is deliberately figured out how to guarantee however much hereditary variety as could reasonably be expected. Quick Facts: Six Species Saved From Extinction by Zoos Bedouin Oryx: Hunted to annihilation in the wild, the Arabian Oryxâ was revived gratitude to preservation endeavors of Phoenix Zooâ and others. Starting at 2017, 1,000 creatures had been reestablished to the wild, while thousands more were living in zoo environments.Przewalski’s Horse: The main really wild species left on the planet, Przewalski’s Horse is local to the meadows of Central Asia. In the wake of being announced totally wiped out in the wild, it’s made an astounding comeback.California Condor: Not too quite a while in the past, there were just 27 of these radiant flying creatures left. On account of preservation endeavors from the San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo, several California Condors have been reintroduced into the wild.Bongo: The Eastern Bongo, an enormous gazelle local to a remote district of Kenya was one of the last huge warm blooded creature species to be found however poaching and loss of natural surroundings about cl eaned them out. Zoos overall areâ to attempting to set up a steady populace to guarantee their survival.Panamanian Golden Frog: Beautiful yet very noxious, the whole species capitulated with the impacts of a staggering contagious sickness in nature. Since 2007, existing hostage populaces abetted by community protection endeavors by various zoos have fought off their extinction.Golden Lion Tamarin: Close to eradication because of loss of natural surroundings from logging and mining, just as poaching in its local Brazil, there has been a consistent exertion since the 1980s to guarantee this species doesn’t disappear from the substance of the Earth. As of now, around 33% of wild Golden Lion Tamarins originate from reproducing programs.Source: Taronga Conservation Society Australia Reintroduction Programs The objective of reintroduction programs is to discharge creatures that have been brought or restored up in zoos once more into their normal territories. AZA portrays these projects as useful assets utilized for settling, restoring, or expanding in situ creature populaces that have endured huge decays. In participation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the IUCN Species Survival Commission, AZA-authorize organizations have built up reintroduction programs for imperiled creatures, for example, the dark footed ferret, California condor, freshwater mussel, and Oregon spotted frog. Government funded Education Zoos instruct a huge number of guests every year about imperiled species and related protection issues. In the course of recent years, AZA-licensed foundations have additionally prepared in excess of 400,000 instructors with grant winning science educational plans. An across the country study including in excess of 5,500 guests from 12 AZA-certify establishments found that visits to zoos and aquariums brief people to rethink their job in natural issues and consider themselves to be a piece of the arrangement. Field Conservation Field preservation centers around the drawn out endurance of species in common biological systems and natural surroundings. Zoos take an interest in preservation extends that help investigations of populaces in the wild, species recuperation endeavors, veterinary consideration for untamed life sickness issues, and protection mindfulness. AZA supports a point of arrival on the National Geographic Societys Global Action Atlas, highlighting overall preservation ventures related with taking an interest zoos. Examples of overcoming adversity Today, 31 creature species delegated Extinct in the Wild are being reared in imprisonment. Reintroduction endeavors are in progress for six of these species, including the Hawaiian crow. As indicated by the IUCN, preservation rearing and reintroduction have forestalled the eradication of six out of 16 fundamentally jeopardized winged creature species and nine out of 13 warm blooded animal species, including species recently named Extinct in the Wild. The Future of Zoos and Captive Breeding An investigation as of late distributed in the diary Science bolsters the foundation of specific zoos and a system of hostage rearing projects that target species confronting an intense danger of annihilation. As indicated by the examination, Specialization for the most part builds rearing achievement. The creatures can be stopped at these zoos until they get an opportunity of endurance in the regular habitat and would then be able to be come back to nature. Imperiled species reproducing projects will likewise assist researchers with bettering comprehend populace elements basic to the administration of creatures in nature.

The College Essay Yogurt Edition!

The College Essay Yogurt Edition! I think the college essay is a lot like froyo. It comes in a variety of flavors, you get to customize it, and experimenting with new flavors either yields blissful joy, or, sometimes, yucky disappointment. When I applied to college 2 years ago (2 years! Im old :( ), I wrote over a dozen unique essays to all the colleges I applied to (btw applying to 15 colleges not such a good idea. its tiring, it costs a ridiculous sum of money in application fees, counselors get mad at you for making them work so much =p, and you have to narrow your list down after you get the acceptance letters anyway). I didnt believe in the one size fit all approach when it came to the college essay, and so I strove to write an unique essay for the differing prompts that each college required (there were some exceptions I submitted my MIT essay for Columbia; I still applied via Common App for a couple schools so there were overlaps therebut for all additional essays I tried to tailor them individually). okok. enough rambling. =p 1. Froyo is meant for experimenting. So it is the same with the college essay. Ever walk into a shop with one of those glass cases with all the toppings laid out in a symphony of delicious colors? Sure, its safe to get strawberry (thats what I always get. XP) But why always get the same? College admission officers read upwards of tens of thousands of application essays in one application cycle, so how is your essay going to be different than the myriad of other competing essays? Too often, I notice students get caught in a rut when theyre writing the college essay. Many feel that there always needs to be a moral to the story, and so inevitably all essays end with some variant of these sentences: 1) I felt that I grew a lot from the adversity present in this situation and it really shaped who I am today, 2) Having spent all four years of high school doing this activity, I feel like it became an inseparable part of myself, 3) Having been through so many things and having all of the qualities described above, I feel like Im ready to tackle whatever will come my way. I feel like the most beautiful college essays are the essays that dont hand the reader its moral (or point so to speak) explicitly on a silver platter. The most compelling essays I feel are those that sufficiently paint the picture for the reader, and then leave him on his own to reach his own conclusions. Just look at the Mona Lisa did da Vinci write, in golden font at the base of the painting, Look at her enigmatic smile. Its beautiful!? But-but- you ask, Arent we trying to answer a question? If we dont conclude, how are they going know that I addressed the question? Throughout your years of schooling, the standard introduction-body-conclusion system is ingrained into your mind. You were trained to begin an essay with a well-defined introduction with a thesis sentence, proceed into the body with topic sentences for each individual paragraph, and close with a conclusion that restates the thesis. Works for APUSH essays works for research papers but the college essay? Boring. Yes most college essays will ask you to address a topic (like the MIT main essay) but dont approach it in the same way as you would with a research paper. A research paper is structured thus because youre trying to provide a well-organized collection of facts to a reader that may or may not be interested in what you have to say. With the college essay youre trying to convey a slice of your life, and thus you can take liberties in straying away from the conventional structure. Experiment with your writing style. Approach it differently from how you would typically start an essay. Write it and then at the end come back and ask yourself did I convey my point across effectively? If the answer is a resounding yes! congrats! But- how do you do that? Read on ;) (btw, strawberry-kiwi-mango = loveee. its tri-colored too! =p) 2. Marshmellow-butterscotch-blueberry-oreo-mango-pineapple-waffle? Not cute. Consider the following examples: At times, it appeared that we were surmounting an impassable obstacle. However, through the camaraderie and the solidarity of our aquatics team, we triumphed over our defeats and inevitably reached the pennant of victory. Back in July, my friends made fun of me when I told them that I was going to start a swimming team. Laughing, they told me to return to my math problems. Today, standing in the limelight, I look over at my teammates and cant help but marvel at how far weve come. Two sentences notice a difference? Which one draws you closer to the author? Its not surprising that you may find the second sentence to be a lot more down-to-earth. The simple reason is just because the sentence is conveying a narrative in an everyday tone, rather than adopting pedantic verbiage. Another problem that I see a lot in my peers back in the day when we were all applying to college is that people would try really hard to make themselves sound educated by trying to use all of these advanced vocabulary in their essays. Not satisfied with improved? Try ameliorated. Common sounds too simple? What about pedestrian? Often, their essays end up turning into a convoluted amalgam of abstruse discourse, confounding the audience in a valiant embellishment of protracted circumlocution. A note of caution here: Im not trying to say that you should tone down your writing if you use a lot of vocabulary in your writing but be careful of what the voice in your essay sounds like. Does it sound like you, or does it sound like someone thats trying too hard with a thesaurus? At the bottom line, the essay should be about you so dont be afraid of showing your own voice! (believe me an essay that tries too hard is very easy to spot) (Im going to segue into something cool that you can do with your essay here, but please dont solely use this test to measure how good your essay is! That is something no machine can tell you. Youve been warned. Click.) 3. The first and last spoonfuls are the sweetest. Sometimes I steal a bite of my friends froyo (instead of buying my own -____-| | |) cuz I think one spoonful with all the icy yogurt-tangy goodness is heaven enough. And so it is with the college essay. Consider your lead-in and your ending (namely, the first sentence and your last sentence, but more broadly, your first paragraph-ish and your last paragraph). When you took the SAT, you were probably exhorted to use an engaging opening sentence in your essay, since the graders will spend no more than a couple of minutes on your essay, and sometimes the opening sentence is the most important factor in luring the reader in. The college essay is very much the same way the adcoms have thousands of them to sort through, and a banal essay would probably begin with something like An experience that changed my life is Someone that I looked up to isbecause Be engaging, be active. Paint a picture for your audience. Personally, I liked telling stories in my essays. I nearly always began each essay with a short narrative, since it makes the lead-in a lot easier (you can basically just segue into whatever you want to talk about through the little story that youve laid out). As for the conclusion, my AP Literature teacher was fond of saying that a great essay always contains something at the end for the reader to think about. For example, classics in world literature rarely resolve their conflicts and plot in a single, sweeping chapter that encompasses everything that you possibly would like to know about with each and every character afterwards. Usually, classics end in such a way that give you pause after reading the last sentence of the last paragraph, and lets you consider the implications of the hundreds of pages that youve just read before. What does this mean? No happily ever after endings, no trite endings like joining the aquatics team had truly made me a new person. Some good things to consider though, are: offering the reader something to think about (doesnt have to be in the form of a direct question) or a tie-back to your beginning narrative (the second part of the story in your intro, for example I tend to utilize this pretty often drawing the reader back to the scene Ive painted in the beginning). Avoid unnecessary puns or wordplay, moralizing statements (I have truly discovered the meaning of courage), and lame witty comments at all cost, although for some odd reason Ive read dozens and dozens of SAT essays that end like this (through grading the exams for the SAT Prep program I direct). 4. Making great yogurt takes time. Did you know that because frozen yogurt melts and freezes much slower than ice cream because yogurt has a higher heat of fusion than milk? (!!! I was amazed when I discovered this) Take your time when you write your essay. Your essay should never be churned out hours before the application deadline in a desperate struggle to complete your application (although I was guilty of that for one essay). A well-written essay takes time to distill in the back of your mind, and cant be forced out by hours of sitting in front of Microsoft Word. Something I like to do when I have to write an essay is that Ill actually Scotch-tape the prompt on top of my desk as soon as its assigned, and just leave it there until I begin writing my essay. I also try to remember the gist of the prompt, and think about possible approaches and content during the down-times of my day (waiting for the bus, being bored in lecture, shopping at the supermarketetc.). Note that this kind of thinking isnt like okay-Im-going-to-sit-down-now-and-only-think-about-the-essay kind of thinking, but rather an ongoing process in the back of your mind. If you get used to thinking like this, you just automatically begin to process things in your mind all the time without meaning to do them. For example, my lead to the Stanford essay came to me when I was showering; Caltech, when I was walking to a convenience store. Now, if I have a particularly pestering pset question that eludes my attempts at trying to rationalize it, Ill store it in that thinking compartment i n the back of my brain and chances are Ill discover a new lead to doing the problem at some random time during the day. This is why a good essay takes time. Just like making good yogurt takes time for all the bacteria to happily multiply in warm milk. A brute-forced essay, like its counterpart in mathematical proofs, should be the last resort, simply because there is no elegance to it. Therefore, if you havent started thinking about your Regular Action essays, start now! You will thank yourself later :) 5. One word Passion. When it comes to writing to college essay, I think it really boils down to one word. Passion. The essay should almost be an extension of yourself what you like to do, your dreams, and what defined you as a person through high school. Speak to the audience. Paint a picture in words. Share with them what you really loved in high school, your ups and your downs what defines your life. I look at the college essay and I feel like its the only expressive part to the whole application that you get (well, aside from the interview). Its the only opportunity where you would be able to share with your readers a slice of your life away from mundane test scores, GPA, and lists of activities. Why not capitalize on this opportunity and really try hard to present who you really are? Write from your heart better yet, write with the energy and drive that is uniquely yours (I would write, write with your soul but I thought that sounded too cheesy. =p) FAQ that doesnt really fit anywhere else: Should I get my teachers/friends to proofread the essay? For my very first college essay, I asked two teachers to revise it for me, since it was omg-this-is-my-first-essay! Although I was grateful for the work of my teachers, my essay turned into 13 rewrites and a final product that sounded nearly nothing like me. After submitting that essay for my Early Decision school, I quickly trashed it and proceeded to write the ensuing Regular Actions completely from scratch. Upon finishing an essay, I usually proofread the completed essay 10 times over the course of three days or so (you shouldnt proofread the essay all in one sitting, since your tired brain probably will be fried and you will just end up skimming through the same mistakes). And thats it! Thus, I think its all up to you. Try asking an adult to read it and see what they feel, although I definitely do not think that you must have had an adult read it to make it a good essay. At times, you risk losing your original voice from over-editing. What about the essay prompts? I addressed the explanations above generally to the prompt of Tell us about an experience that shaped who you are or one of MITs essay prompts (Tell us about the world that you came from.). However, one important thing is to pay attention to the prompts of your college essays. Some colleges are very free and you can pretty much attach anything you want (when I applied Columbia and Harvard), while others are tailored and you have to answer their questions (Stanford, Caltech). If they ask for a specific response, be sure to address the prompt! (this is also the reason why I wrote so many different essays to each individual school). Word count? This is the old argument that I feel like no one can really address with the exception of the adcoms who would actually be reading your essays. I would go with the aged wisdom of following the instructions on the application essay. If they specifically ask you not to overdo it (like MIT), keeping it around 500 words seem reasonable. If they dont specify a word limit, then exercise your best judgment. Chances are that you should always be able to slim down your essay though. If its really hard determining how much fluff you have in your essay, actually go through the entirely essay sentence by sentence and ask yourself, what is the connection of this sentence to the rest of the essay? do I really need it? Can you post your essay? In short, no. Be creative! I dont understand why people need sample essays while they are applying to college since the application essay should be completely and originally yours. How can you tailor someones dreams and writing styles to fit your own voice? Great links? Other questions? I thought that the College Boards guide to writing a good essay is really well-written. Something else that I forgot to mention above but College Board does is this! Dont Write a Resume Dont include information that is found elsewhere in the application. Your essay will end up sounding like an autobiography, travelogue, or laundry list. Yawn. Also, feel free to leave a message if you have other questions about the essay. Finally, what does this entry have to do with froyo? Nothing really. I really wanted to write a blog on how to write the essay but I had to use froyo to lure you in (if youre still reading this very, very lengthy blog at this point). To compensate, I guess Ill leave you with some visual icy goodness. =p On a side note, the bloggers are all getting together for froyo tomorrow! :)

The Conquistadors Ventured To The America’S In Approximately

The conquistadors ventured to the America’s in approximately the 1500s. During the process of settlement the conquistadors, led by Hernan Cortez encountered numerous natives who originally inhabited the land. When two unfamiliar civilizations encounter each other the end result can be unpredictable. Each human being has an unique thought process. Therefore numerous spaniards viewed the native americans as a peaceful, and kind civilization, while on the other side of the bridge, several spaniards like Hernan Cortez viewed the indians as a threat to their wellbeing. However, Bartolome de las Casas viewed the native Indians in a different manner. Bartolome de las Casas viewed the natives as a genuinely kind civilization, therefore the people†¦show more content†¦Also it could spare the lives of spanish citizens who could flee from the disease which was killing their people. Bartolome de las Casas’s Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indes opens with a short, yet detailed account of the land which the native americans inhabited. He informs the audience that of the nature of the Indians. The nature of the Indians from Bartolome’s standpoint was one that described the natives as kind, intelligent, and innocent people, but he also uses the words weak and complacent to describe them. Subsequently he describes the living arrangements of the native americans. They dressed very lightly, almost completely naked, they do not own beds, however they sleep on bambacas. Bambacas, to put it in simplest form are hammocks. Afterwards, Bartolome informs that the indians were not rejective of Christianity, the religion of the spanish. In fact they were jubilant and intrigued to participate in the faith. The natives insisted in partaking in the sacraments. He then reminds the audience of the goodness the native people possessed. Next, he begins to descri be the invasion of the conquistadors who ransacked the civilizations, describing the awful actions of the spaniards. The present day islands of Cuba, San Juan, and Jamaica were entirely deserted after the invasion. The spaniards killed

Let s Talk About Sex - 1410 Words

Alisha Smith Professor Jones English Composition 1101 19 April 2017 Let’s Talk About Sex Living in a world where sexual imagery is produced rapidly throughout the media makes controlling what children are exposed to difficult. Rather than trying to control what a child is exposed to, it is important to know what children learn, especially when it comes to sexual health and sexuality. Many teenagers who are sexually active are not provided with educational resources informing them of the risks and consequences that come with having sex and unprotected sex because their schools provided them with material that was being pushed through an abstinence only sexual education curriculum. Not providing teenagers and young adults with proper†¦show more content†¦(RAINN) An abstinence only sex education curriculum teaches students to completely refrain from engaging in all sexual activity until marriage. An abstinence only approach dismisses the fact that teenagers will become sexually active at one time or another. Using this approach prevents students from gaining the knowledge that they would receive in a comprehensive sex education course. Comprehensive sex education promotes safety, it teaches teenagers and young adults how to be responsible when it comes to having sex. Implementing a mandatory comprehensive sex education course will give the students the knowledge and ability to make educated decisions when they choose to become sexually active. Having a comprehensive curriculum will teach students how to protect themselves from not only pregnancies, but more importantly sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS as well. Abstinence only curriculums teach students that they should remain abstinent to prevent pregnancy or contracting STD’s. 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Three Generation By Nick Quackin Free Essays

CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS: Anastacia- the old lady who told the heantation to Agueda Agueda- the young lady who bravely to see his husband to be on the midnight of May Day eve. Badoy- the man who fell in love with Agueda and eventually became his wife. PLOT: The story is about a girl who happened to believe that he could see his husband to be on a May Day eve. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Generation By Nick Quackin or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was an old wives take but it ought to be true when he married the man he saw on the mirror. In one part, Joaquin intends to present the circumstances of Agueda describing her encounter with the devil in the mirror to her young daughter. The child is keen in fact sees a similarity of his father to the description of the devil by her mother. The ambiguity of Agueda weeping towards the end renders innumerable possibilities. In yet another part Joaquin is more determined to show the circumstances of Don Badoy Montiya’s recollection of seeing a witch in the mirror. Teary eyed, he recalls to his grandson that he saw standing before the mirror the witch. Some have been guilty of looking at the story as a simple tale for little children, but Joaquin aims at something grander and loftier. His attention to present a man and a woman holding on to love until the death of them is worthy of note. His intention to exhibit the hazy romance of the old world, the quiet consummation of their love, itself an elevated thought, is a result of his great imaginative power. THEME: It was a love story that came in seemingly impossible superstitions. POINT OF VIEW: The author is the one who narrated the story SUMMARY: May Day eve of 1847 when Agueda tried to take a peek of the one she would  fated Mary. She walked down the living room and made the incantation when the young Badoy Montiya appeared before her. Agueda was really annoyed with Badoy and later on she had been offended and bit the knuckles of the young Badoy Montiya. Badoy wan to have revenge when he found himself falling in love with Agueda. Years have passed and they were already married and had a family. Agueda told her daughter what happened to that May Day Eve of 1847.Badoy reminisce on how he fell in love with Agueda on that evening, telling the story to his grandson. And the memories of him and her late wife keep coming back. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE: According to the story, one could see his or her husband or wife to be when they peer in a mirror at the midnight of May Day eve. The superstion was said to be done at May Day eve and the story emphasizes the title May day eve. How to cite Three Generation By Nick Quackin, Papers

Introduction of Banking Sector free essay sample

The Indian economy is emerging as one of the strongest economy of the world with the GDP growth of more than 8% every year. This has given a great support for the development of banking industry in the country. Due to globalization, competition among the banks has drastically been increased. As India has a substantial upper and middle class income hence the banks have immense opportunities to increase their market shares. The consumer being on the receiving end is in the comfortable position but the banks trying to increase their market share have to continuously add alue for consumers in order to increase market share and sustain their growth. BANKING SECTOR The banking sector is the most dominant sector of the financial system in India. Significant progress has been made with respect to the banking sector in the post liberalization period. The financial health of the commercial banks has improved manifolds with respect to capital adequacy, profitability, and asset quality and risk management. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Banking Sector or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further, deregulation has opened new opportunities for banks to increase revenue by diversifying into investment banking, insurance, credit cards, epository services, mortgage, securitization, etc. Liberalization has created a more competitive environment in the banking sector. The origin of banking in India is traceable in ancient time through the modern banking hardly 200 years old. The main function of bank is to accept deposits and grant loans. There is evidence of these functions being performed by a section of the community in the Vedic periods. There are many references of debt in the Vedic literature. During the Ramayana and Mahabharata areas banking, which was a side usiness during the Vedic period, become a fulltime business activity for the people. During the smriti period, which followed the Vedic period and the Epic age, bankers performed the function of the modern banks. The members of the Vaish community carried on the banking business and Manu speaks of earning through interest as the business of Vaishays. He accepted deposits from the public, granted loans against pledges and personal security, granted simple open loans, acted as bailee for his customers, subscribed to public loans by granting loans to kings, acted as treasurer nd banker to the state and managed the currency of the country. Indigenous bankers used to maintain a regular system of accounts and borrowers used to sign the loan deeds. n existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origins back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, relegating it to commercial banking functions. After Indias independence in 1947, he Reserve Bank was nationalized and given b roader powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 31 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector anks hold over 75 per cent of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18. 2% and 6. 5% respectively. Early history Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and the Bank of Hindustan, both of which are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, he other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1925 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon Indias independence, became the State Bank of India. Indian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India. It was not he first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Shimla. When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with banks. Subsequently, banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Comptoire dEscompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking center. [pic] The Bank of Bengal, which later became the State Bank of India. The first entirely Indian Joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India. Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian Joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing foreign trade. Indian Joint stock banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments. The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadesh movement inspired local businessmen and political fgures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India. The fervour of Swadesh movement lead to establishing of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district. Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada istrict is known as Cradle of Indian Banking. From World War I to Independence World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking. Nationalisation By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry has become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it has emerged as a large industry. Indira Gandhi, the-then Prime Minister of India expressed the intention of the GOI in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation. The paper was received with positive enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden, and the GOI issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. Jayaprakash Narayan, a national leader of India, described the step as a masterstroke of political sagacity. Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August, 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The tated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the GOI controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. The nationalised banks were credited by some, including Home minister P. Chidambaram, to have helped the Indian economy withstand the global financial cnsts of 2007-2009. Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narsimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. The next stage for the Indian banking has been setup with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%, at present it has gone up to 49% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%; Lend at 6%; Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail boom in India. People not Just Currently, banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the Indian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time- especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect MAs, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an nvestor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. BANKING SYSTEM The oxford dictionary defines the bank as an establishment for the custody of money, which it pays out, on a customers order. A banking company in India has been defined in the banking companies Act 1949, as one which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawals by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. The banking system in an integral sub-system of the financial system. It represents an important channel of collecting small savings from the households and lending it to the corporate sector. The Indian Banking system has the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the apex body for all matters relating to the banking system. It is the central bank of India. It is the banker to all other banks. 1. Non-scheduled Banks: These are banks, which are not included in the Second schedule of the Banking Regulation Act, 1965. It means they do not satisfy the conditions laid down by that schedule. They are further classified as follows: * Central Co-operative Banks and Primary Credit Societies. * Commercial Banks. 2. Scheduled Banks: Scheduled Banks are banks, which are included in the second schedule of the Banking Regulation Act, 1965. According to this schedule a scheduled bank: Must have paid-up capital and reserve of not less than Rs. Must also satisfy the RBI that its affairs are not conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of its depositors. Scheduled banks are sub-divided as: * State cooperative banks. * Commercial banks. State cooperative banks: These are Co-operatives owned and managed by the state. Commercial banks: These are business entities whose main business is accepting deposits and extending loans. Their main objective is profit maximization and adding shareholder value. These are further sub-divided as: * Indian Banks: These banks are companies registered in India under the Companies Act. Their place of origin is in India. These are also sub-divided as: State Bank of India and its Subsidiaries: This group comprises of the State Bank of India (SBI) and its seven subsidiaries viz. State Bank of Patiala, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Travancore, State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Saurastra, State Bank of Indore. This group consists of private sector banks that were nationalized. The Government of India Nationalized 14 private banks in 1969 and another 6 in the year 1980. Regional Rural Banks: These were established by the RBI in the year 1975 of Banking Commission. It was established to operate exclusively in rural areas to provide credit and other facilities. Old Private Sector Banks: This group consists of banks that were established by the privvy states, community organizations or by a group of professional for the cause of economic betterment in their area of operations. Initially their operations were concentrated in a few regional areas. New Private Sector Banks: These banks were started as profit oriented companies after the RBI opened the banking sector to the private sector. These banks are mostly technology driven and better managed than other banks. Foreign Banks: These are banks that were registered outside India and had originated in a foreign country. Retail Banking According to Investopedia. com, retail banking is typical mass-market banking where individual customers use local branches of larger commercial banks. Services offered include: savings and checking accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, credit cards, and so forth. Types Of Retail Banks 1. Private bank Private Banks is a bank that is not incorporated. Either an individual or a general partner(s) with limited partner(s) owns a non-incorporated bank. In any such case, he creditors can look to both the entirety of [the banks] assets as well as the entirety of the sole- proprietors/general-partners assets. These banks have a long tradition in Switzerland, dating back to at least the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). A commercial bank is a type of financial intermediary and a type of bank. Commercial bank has two possible meanings: Commercial bank is the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. This is what people normally call a bank. The term commercial was used to distinguish it from an investment bank. Since the two types of banks no longer have to be separate companies, some have used the term commercial bank to refer to banks which focus mainly on companies. In some English-speaking countries outside North America, the term trading bank was and is used to denote a commercial bank. It raises funds by collecting deposits from businesses and consumers via checkable deposits, savings deposits, and time (or term) deposits. It makes loans to businesses and consumers. It also buys corporate bonds and government bonds. Its primary liabilities are deposits and primary assets are loans and bonds. Detailed information on banks sectoral exposure of credit reveals that over two-thirds of the credits flow has been on account of retail, housing and other priority sector loans. Banks credit flow exposure to large Enterprises continues to remain buoyant with recent indications that credit to agriculture and Micro credit has also picked up. The Investment Banking and Markets division brings together the advisory and financing, equity securities, asset management, treasury and capital markets, and private equity activities of the Group to complete the CIBM structure and provide a complete range of financial products to ur clients. Increasingly, ECA financing is being considered by customers and we work closely with our project export finance teams, both onshore and offshore, to provide structured solutions. Growth And Present Status Of The Industry Commercial banking can also refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses, as opposed to normal individual members of the public (retail banking). as in the Indian banking.. The most prominent on our minds in the context of banking these days, perhaps, are the mplications arising out of the Basel II accord. Banks, as we all know, are subjected to more intense regulation as compared to the non-financial firms. This is probably because the banks possess certain special characteristics: Banks are much more leveraged than the other firms due to their capacity to garner public deposits. The asset liability structure of the banks is also different from not only the non-financial firms but also the financial firms. To illustrate, the risk in an insurance company arises mainly from the liability side of the balance sheet in the form of insurance laims whereas for the bank the risk mainly comes from the diminution of asset values (for example, illiquid loans that are not fully recoverable). The deposits which constitute a major part of the liability of banks are repayable on demand, unsecured and their principal amount does not change in value whereas the loans of a bank are illiquid and there can be erosion in the value of loans or of other assets. The liquidity transformation by an insurance company is in the reverse direction as compared to a bank.